Abstract Some grasslands in ecotones with forests tend to be encroached by woody species, because of changes in climate and land use. Such structural changes in vegetation can be facilitated when the grassland community presents an autochthonous arboreal component, like Butia palms. We aim to identify the responses of taxonomic and functional diversity on grassland community with the occurrence of arborescent/arboreal species (autochthonous and encroaching) to palm density and grazing intensity. The study was conducted in a Butia odorata palm grove under cattle management, in Southern Brazil. To assess the taxonomic and functional composition we performed ordinations analysis with the vegetational data and using path analysis we assessed the causal relationships between variables of interest. Density of Butia odorata and woody plants were strongly positive related, suggesting a facilitation process in the establishment of arborescent plants on the grassland matrix. The abundance of less palatable plants and grazing pressure were inversely related, indicating a selection process induced by higher grazing intensity. We suggest that the grazing intensity management must be based on the autochthonous tree density, applying higher grazing intensity in areas with higher density of encroaching plants, in addition to maintaining other regions conducive to Butia palm regeneration through fallows. use component palms arborescentarboreal Brazil interest related matrix fallows

Introduction: The Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ) was designed to assess attitudes and behaviors of patients with heart failure (HF) related to following a low-sodium diet. Recently, it has been translated and culturally adapted for use in Brazil. However, further validation of the instrument is required before it can be used in the management of patients with HF in Brazil. Objective: To test the reliability and validity of the Brazilian version of the DSRQ. Methods: Face and content validity were assessed by a panel of experts. Construct validity was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha to assess the internal consistency of the instrument. Results: A total of 206 systolic HF outpatients were assessed (mean age, 60.4 ± 11.9 years). Face and content validity analysis showed equivalence between the Brazilian version and the original instrument. In the exploratory factor analysis, the principal component analysis (PCA) yielded four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. Three models were tested in the confirmatory factor analysis, and the three-factor model resulting from the PCA showed the best fit, accounting for 49% of the variance. Alpha values obtained for the attitude/ subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and dependent behavior subscales were 0.71, 0.67, and 0.79, respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the final validated Brazilian version of the DSRQ is a valid and reliable tool for measuring attitudes and behaviors related to following a low-sodium diet in Brazilian patients with HF.

Introducción: El Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ) evalúa actitudes y comportamientos de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) relacionados con el cumplimiento de la restricción de sodio. Recientemente, ha sido traducido y adaptado culturalmente para uso en Brasil. No obstante, una validación adicional del instrumento se requiere para que pueda ser utilizado en el manejo de pacientes con IC en Brasil. Objetivo: Probar la fiabilidad y validez de la versión brasileña del DSRQ. Métodos: Validez aparente y de contenido fueron evaluados por un grupo de especialistas. Validez de cons-tructo se evaluó mediante análisis factorial exploratoria y confirmatoria. La fiabilidad y consistencia interna del cuestionario fue evaluada mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Un total de 206 pacientes ambulatorios con IC fueron evaluados (edad media, 60,4 ± 11,9 años). Los resultados de la validez aparente y de contenido demostró la equivalencia entre la versión brasileña y de la versión original. En el análisis factorial exploratorio, el análisis de componentes principales (PCA) se obtuvieron cuatro factores con valores superiores a 1. Tres modelos fueron probados en el análisis factorial confirmatoria, y el modelo de tres factores resultantes del PCA mostró el mejor ajuste, representando 49% de la varianza. El alfa obtenido para las escalas de actitud/norma subjetiva, control de la conducta percibido y comportamiento dependiente fueron 0,71, 0,67 y 0,79, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la versión brasileña del DSRQ es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir las actitudes y comportamientos relacionados con una dieta baja en sodio en pacientes brasileños con IC.